Can the pertussis vaccine cause injury and/or death?

IMPORTANT NOTE: Corvelva invites you to get in-depth information by reading all the sections and links, as well as the manufacturer's product leaflets and technical data sheets, and to speak with one or more trusted professionals before deciding to vaccinate yourself or your child. This information is for informational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice.
The following article tries to shed light on the vast world of adverse reactions, with a specific look at the one against Pertussis, but we urge you to read all the focuses listed below to understand the other related issues, such as the problem of multiple vaccines, the hypersensitivity to one or more vaccine compounds, the SIDS problem and that of adjuvants. Most of the vaccines on the market are produced, for commercial purposes, in often multiple formulations and this makes the topic of vaccine damage much broader.
The problem of multiple vaccines (click to open)
The current vaccination calendars, especially for the pediatric age, provide for the administration of multiple antigens and vaccines in a single session, favoring comfort at the expense of safety. In order to be able to make a specific speech on the safety of vaccines, we must necessarily take into consideration the complexity of the phenomenon, advising all readers to adequately inform themselves on all aspects of vaccination, pros and cons.
Dr. Russell Blaylock, clinical assistant professor of neurosurgery at the University of Mississippi Medical Center, has studied "toxic synergy" for years and was able to observe that when two weakly toxic pesticides, where neither is able to cause Parkinson's syndrome in experimental animals, are combined with each other, can cause the disease even quickly and compares this phenomenon to that of multiple vaccines administered simultaneously: "Vaccinations, if too numerous and too close together, behave like a disease chronic".(a). Others Two studies have confirmed that sudden infant death can occur after inoculation of multiple vaccines in a single administration.(bc)
A study published in Human and Experimental Toxicology showed that countries that prescribe more vaccines in children tend to have higher infant mortality rates.(D) For example, in the United States, where children receive 26 vaccines, more than 6 children per 1000 live births die, while in Sweden and Japan, where 12 pediatric vaccines are administered, 3 deaths are reported for every 1000 live births. In the aforementioned study, the link between vaccines and SIDS is also considered.
From a Swiss study published in 2005 in the European Journal of Pediatrics(E) it results that, regarding the effects on preterm infants, the incidence of recurrent or increased apnea and bradycardia after administration of hexavalent vaccines is 13%. That same year, the same journal published a German study that had examined sudden infant deaths after hexavalent. The authors write: «These results, based on spontaneous reports, do not prove a causal relationship between vaccination and sudden infant death, but constitute a signal regarding one of the two available hexavalents; signal that should lead to intensify surveillance of sudden infant deaths after vaccination".(f)
In 2006, it was published in the medical journal Vaccine(g) the letter from a team of researchers from the University of Munich which reported «six cases of sudden infant death after hexavalent vaccination.. All found dead without explanation 1-2 days after vaccination». They had been classified as typical cases of sudden infant death but the autoptic verification had revealed neuropathological and histological abnormalities and all the children showed a significant cerebral edema which made them an exception compared to the other SIDS cases (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome). The researchers wrote that “Before the introduction of the hexavalent vaccine (in the years 1994-2000), we had observed the case of only one in 198 children with sudden infant death who died soon after the DTP vaccination. But between 2001 and 2004 they had identified five similar cases out of 74 with SIDS. That would indicate a thirteen-fold increase."
Also in 2006 on Virchows Archive(H), the team from the Institute of Pathology of the University of Milan wrote: «Experts from the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medical Products have analyzed the possibility that there could be a link between hexavalent vaccines and some cases of death. Participants included pathologists with experience in vaccines and sudden infant death syndrome who conducted the autopsies. But, as far as we know, little attention was paid to examination of the brainstem and blood heart on serial sections and there was no possibility of establishing a trigger role of the vaccine for these deaths. Here we report the case of a 3-month-old girl who died suddenly after hexavalent vaccination. Examination of the brain stem on serial sections revealed bilateral arcuate nucleus hypoplasia. The conduction system of the heart had persistent fetal dispersion and degeneration. This case offers a unique understanding of the possible role of the hexavalent vaccine in triggering a lethal consequence in a vulnerable child. Any case of sudden and unexpected death that occurs soon after birth or in early childhood, especially if following a vaccination, should always undergo a full necropsy, according to guidelines.
References
- Blaylock R, "Vaccinations: the hidden dangers", The Blaylock Wellness Report, May 2004, pp.1-9
- Ottaviani G. et al., "Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) shortly after hexavalent vaccination: another pathology in suspected SIDS?", Virchows Archiv., 2006, 448, pp. 100-104.
- Zinka B. et al., "Unexplained cases of sudden infant death shortly after hexavalent vaccination", Vaccine, July 2006, 24 (31-32), pp. 5779-5780.
- Miller NZ et al1. , "Infant mortality rates regressed against number of vaccine doses routinely given: is there a biochemical or synergistic toxicity?", Hum. Exp. Toxicol., May 2011.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15843978/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15602672/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15908063/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16231176/
The aluminum problem (click to open)
What is Aluminum?
Aluminum is a silvery-white light metal, malleable and resistant. These qualities make it useful in numerous industries and products, including machinery, construction, warehouses, cookware, kitchen utensils, textiles, dyes and cosmetics. Aluminum is also the most abundant metal in the earth's crust, and virtually all of the aluminum in the environment is found in the soil. However, aluminum is not found naturally in significant quantities in living organisms (such as plants and animals) and has no known biological function. Over the past century, the use of aluminum in some products has led to increased human exposure. The major sources of exposure are aluminum-containing foods (e.g., baking powder, processed foods, baby formulas, etc.), medical products (e.g., antiperspirants, antacids, etc.), allergy injections, and vaccines .1-3
Why is aluminum present in vaccines?
Some vaccines use aluminum compounds (aluminum hydroxide and aluminum phosphate) as adjuvants, which are ingredients that increase the immune response to an antigen (foreign substance).4-5 The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) says that if some vaccines did not include aluminum, the immune response they trigger could decrease.6
Which vaccines contain aluminum?
The following vaccines contain aluminum and are given to infants, children and adolescents (Fig. 1):
- Hepatitis B (HepB)
- hexavalent
- Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTaP and Tdap)
- Haemophilus influenzae type b (PedvaxHIB)
- Pneumococcus (PCV)
- Hepatitis A (HepA)
- Papillomavirus virus (HPV)
- Meningococcus B (MenB)
Figure 1: Up to 18 doses of aluminum-containing vaccines are administered from birth to age 227-8
Is exposure to aluminum safe?
The FDA has considered aluminum generally recognized as safe (GRAS) since 1975.9 However, prior to 1990, there was no technology to accurately detect small amounts of aluminum administered to subjects in scientific studies.10 Consequently, the amount of aluminum that could be absorbed before the onset of adverse effects was not known.
Since the 1990s, thanks to technological advances, it has been observed that the small amounts of aluminum that remain in the human body interfere with a number of cellular and metabolic processes in the nervous system and tissues of other parts of the body.1-10-11 The greatest negative effects of aluminum have been observed in the nervous system and range from impaired motor skills to encephalopathy (altered mental status, personality changes, thinking difficulties, memory loss, seizures, coma and more).2-12
The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) recognizes aluminum as a known neurotoxin.2 Additionally, the FDA has warned about the risks of aluminum toxicity in infants and children.13
FEDERAL REGISTER: The daily newspaper of the United States government"Even full-term infants with normal kidney function may be at risk due to rapid growth and immaturity of the brain and skeleton, as well as immaturity of the blood-brain barrier. Up to the age of 1 or 2, infants have a lower glomerular filtration rate than adults, which affects their kidney function. The agency fears that young children and those with immature kidney function are at increased risk of aluminum exposure. " |
How much oral aluminum is unsafe?
In 2008, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), a division of HHS, used studies on the neurotoxic effects of aluminum to determine that no more than 1 milligram (1.000 micrograms) of aluminum per kilogram of body weight per day to avoid the negative effects of aluminum.2
How much injected aluminum is unsafe?
To determine the amount of aluminum that can be safely injected it is necessary to convert the oral aluminum limit of the ATSDR. The ATSDR limit for oral aluminum (1.000 micrograms of aluminum per kilogram of body weight per day) is based on 0,1% of the oral aluminum that is absorbed into the bloodstream, as the digestive tract blocks almost all of the oral aluminum .2 In contrast, aluminum injected intramuscularly bypasses the digestive tract and 100% of the aluminum can be absorbed into the bloodstream over time (i.e., the proportion of aluminum absorbed is 1.000 times greater). To account for these different amounts of absorption, the oral aluminum limit of the ATSDR must be divided by 1000. This conversion leads to an ATSDR-derived blood aluminum limit of 1 microgram of aluminum (0,1% of 1.000 micrograms) per kilogram of body weight per day. Consequently, to avoid the neurotoxic effects of aluminum, no more than 1 microgram of aluminum per kilogram of body weight should enter the bloodstream on a daily basis. Figure 3 shows the ATSDR-derived blood aluminum limit for infants of various ages based on their weight.
How much aluminum is in vaccines?
The amount of aluminum in vaccines varies.16 In 1968, the US federal government set the limit for the amount of aluminum in vaccines at 850 micrograms per dose, based on the amount of aluminum needed to make some vaccines effective.6-17 Consequently, the amount of aluminum in aluminum-containing infant vaccines ranges from 125 to 850 micrograms per dose. Figure 4 shows the aluminum content of one dose of various vaccines given to children.
Have any studies compared the amount of aluminum in vaccines with the limit derived from the ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry)?
In 2011, a study was published that aimed to compare the amount of aluminum in vaccines with the blood flow limit set by the ATSDR.18 However, this study incorrectly based its calculations on 0,78% oral aluminum absorbed into the bloodstream, rather than the 0,1% value used by the ATSDR in its calculations.19-20 As a result, the 2011 study hypothesized that nearly 8 times (0,78% / 0,1%) aluminum can safely enter the bloodstream, and this has led to an incorrect conclusion.
Is exposure to aluminum from vaccines safe?
Vaccines are injected intramuscularly, and the rate at which aluminum from vaccines migrates from human muscle into the bloodstream is unknown. Animal studies suggest that aluminum from vaccines can take anywhere from a couple of months to more than a year to enter the bloodstream, due to multiple variables.21-23 Since cumulative aluminum exposure from vaccines in children under one year of age exceeds the daily limit set by the ATSDR by several hundred (Fig. 3 and 4), the limit would still be exceeded if aluminum from vaccines entered the blood flow over the course of about a year. In addition, studies have shown that aluminum from vaccines is absorbed by immune cells and reaches parts of the body far from the injection site, including the brain.24
The extent of the adverse effects of aluminum in vaccines is not known, as safety studies have not been conducted comparing a population vaccinated with aluminum-containing vaccines with a population not vaccinated with such vaccines.
Aluminum limitation of blood flow derived from the ATSDR2-14-15
Figure 3: This graph shows the aluminum limit for children of various ages, as derived from the Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, a division of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. The limit indicates that no more than 1 microgram of aluminum per kilogram of body weight should enter the bloodstream on a daily basis to avoid the neurotoxic effects of aluminum.
Amount of aluminum in vaccines
References
- American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition. Aluminum toxicity in infants and children. Pediatrics. 1996 Mar; 97 (3): 413.
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological profile for aluminum. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2008.3, 13-24, 145, 171-7, 208.
- Yokel RA. Aluminum in food — the nature and contribution of food additives. In: El-Samragy Y, editor. Food additive. Rijeka (Croatia): InTech; 2012. 203-28.
- Marrack P, McKee AS, Munks MW. Towards an understanding of the adjuvant action of aluminum. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009 Apr; 9 (4): 287.
- Volk VK, Bunney WE. Diphtheria immunization with fluid toxoid and alum-precipitated toxoid. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1942 Jul; 32 (7): 690-9.
- Baylor NW, Egan W, Richman P. Aluminum salts in vaccines — US perspective. Vaccine. 2002 May 31; 20 Suppl 3: S18-22.
- US Food and Drug Administration. Silver Spring (MD): US Food and Drug Administration. Vaccines licensed for use in the United States; [updated 2018 Feb 14; cited 2018 Feb 27]. https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/Ucm093833.htm.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services. Recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents aged 18 years or younger, United States, 2018. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/downloads/child/0-18yrs-child-combined-schedule.pdf.
- US Food and Drug Administration. Silver Spring (MD): US Food and Drug Administration. SCOGS (Select Committee on GRAS Substances); [cited 2018 Aug 16]. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fdcc/?set=SCOGS.
- Priest ND. The biological behavior and bioavailability of aluminum in man, with special reference to studies employing aluminum-26 as a tracer: review and study update. J Environ Monit. 2004; 6: 376,392.
- Poole RL, Pieroni KP, Gaskari S, Dixon TK, Park KT, Kerner JA. Aluminum in pediatric parenteral nutrition products: measured versus labeled content. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2011; 16 (2): 92-7.
- Sedman A. Aluminum toxicity in childhood. Pediatr Nephrol. 1992 Jul; 6 (4): 383-93.
- US Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services. Rules and regulations. Fed Regist. 2003 Jun; 68 (100): 34286.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services. National Center for Health Statistics: Data table for boys length-for-age and weight-for-age charts; [cited 2019 April 2]. https://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/who/boys_length_weight.htm.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services. National Center for Health Statistics: Data table for girls length-for-age and weight-for-age charts; [cited 2019 April 2]. https://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/who/girls_length_weight.htm.
- US Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services. Revision of the requirements for constituent materials. Final rule. Fed Regist. 2011 Apr 13; 76 (71): 20513-8.
- Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration. Rules and regulations. Fed Regist. 1968 Jan; 33 (6): 369.
- Mitkus RJ, King DB, Hess MA, Forshee RA, Walderhaug MO. Updated aluminum pharmacokinetics following infant exposures through diet and vaccination. Vaccine. 2011 Nov 28; 29 (51): 9538-43.
- Miller S, Physicians for Informed Consent. Erratum in 'Updated aluminum pharmacokinetics following infant exposures through diet and vaccination.' In: ResearchGate. Berlin (Germany): ResearchGate GmbH; 2020 Mar 6 [cited 2020 Mar 6]. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51718934_Updated_Aluminum_pharmacokinetics_following_infant_exposures_through_diet_and_vaccines/comments.
- Physicians for Informed Consent. Newport Beach (CA): Physicians for Informed Consent. Erratum in 'Updated aluminum pharmacokinetics following infant exposures through diet and vaccination'; [cited 2020 Mar 6]. https://physiciansforinformedconsent.org/mitkus-2011-erratum/.
- Flarend RE, Hem SL, White JL, Elmore D, Suckow MA, Rudy AC, Dandashli EA. In vivo absorption of aluminum-containing vaccine adjuvants using 26Al. Vaccine 1997 Aug-Sept; 15 (12-13): 1314-8.
- Verdier F, Burnett R, Michelet-Habchi C, Moretto P, Fievet-Groyne F, Sauzeat E. Aluminum assay and evaluation of the local reaction at several time points after intramuscular administration of aluminum containing vaccines in the Cynomolgus monkey. Vaccine. 2005 Feb 3; 23 (11): 1359-67.
- Weisser K, Göen T, Oduro JD, Wangorsch G, Hanschmann KO, Keller-Stanislawski B. Aluminum in plasma and tissues after intramuscular injection of adjuvanted human vaccines in rats. Arch Toxicol. 2019 Oct; 93 (10): 2787-96.
- Masson JD, Crépeaux G, Authier FJ, Exley C, Gherardi RK. Critical analysis of reference studies on the toxicokinetics of aluminum-based adjuvants. J Inorg Biochem. 2018 Apr; 181: 87-95.
Article translated by Physicians for Informed Consent
The B. pertussis bacteria, which cause the disease pertussis and which have been modified in the laboratory to produce the pertussis vaccine, contain several toxins that can cause inflammation in the body. Pertussis toxin (PT) is one of the deadliest toxins in nature and induces lymphocytosis, leukocytosis, stimulates insulin secretion and sensitizes histamine, involved in the inflammatory response of the immune system(1) and pertussis toxin is believed to be the major component responsible for brain inflammation during B. pertussis pertussis pertussis or after injection of pertussis-containing vaccines.(2-3)
Another toxin produced by the B. pertussis bacterium during natural infection is endotoxin, which is also present in pertussis vaccines in varying amounts. When the immune system detects the presence of endotoxins, it mounts a defensive inflammatory immune response, including the release of large amounts of histamine which, under certain circumstances, can lead to high fever, bloating, diarrhea, collapse, shock and death.(4)
In 1991, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and the US National Academy of Sciences released the first of four reports in which they reviewed the medical literature for evidence that vaccines could cause injury and death.(5) The literature review was prompted by the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986, the US counterpart of our Act 210/92, and the 1991 IOM Report on Adverse Effects of Pertussis and Rubella Vaccines(6) concluded that "the evidence is consistent with a causal relationship between the DPT vaccine and acute encephalopathy (inflammation of the brain) and 'unusual shock-like state'(7) and that "evidence points to a causal relationship between the DPT vaccine and shock (anaphylaxis) and prolonged, inconsolable crying."(8)
In 1994, the IOM published the report called "DPT Vaccine and Chronic Dysfunctions of the Nervous System"(9) after reviewing the 10-year follow-up of the UK NCES study and concluded that “NCES data are consistent with the possibility that some children with no underlying brain or metabolic abnormalities may experience severe acute neurological disease within 7 days of receiving DPT and that acute disease may have chronic nervous system sequelae…with the possibility that some children with underlying brain or metabolic abnormalities may develop chronic nervous system dysfunction due to acute illness triggered by DPT. The Committee concluded that the balance of evidence is consistent with a causal relationship between DPT and the forms of chronic nervous system dysfunction described in the NCES in children who experience acute severe neurological disease within 7 days of DPT vaccine administration. This severe neurological risk is a rare event and the estimated excess risk ranged from 0 to 10,5 per million vaccinations."(10)
Published research has also concluded that the whole-cell pertussis vaccine is capable of causing much more severe reactions, such as high-pitched screaming,(11) hypotonic/hyporesponsive episodes,(12) febrile or afebrile convulsions,(13-14) and brain inflammation.(15-16-17) Between 25 and 60% of children who develop acute encephalitis or encephalopathy or who have seizures, including febrile seizures, for any reason, are left with personality changes, developmental delays, learning disabilities, ADHD, seizures, lower IQ, speech, motor and behavior disorders and other disabilities.(18-19-20-21-22)
A 1981 US study funded by the FDA and conducted at the University of California at Los Angeles found that seizures or collapses/shock occurred at a rate of 1 in every 875 injections of DPT.(23) Also, some of the children who participated in this study reported neurological problems and low IQ. The 1981 British National Childhood Encephalopathy Study (NCES) estimated that the risk of a previously healthy child developing a serious neurological problem within seven days of DPT vaccination was 1 in 110.000 DPT vaccinations, and the risk of chronic brain dysfunction was 1 out of 310.000 DPT vaccinations.(24) Again, some of the children involved in the study reported brain damage that manifested as "neurological, motor, sensory, educational, behavioral, and self-care dysfunctions."(25)
Current acellular pertussis vaccines (DTaP/Tdap) still contain chemically inactivated pertussis toxin (10-25 mcg per dose) that retains varying amounts of bioactivity, which can induce brain inflammation in some individuals. Chiron, a company that produced a genetically engineered DTaP vaccine in the early 90s, explained that one reason chemically inactivated pertussis toxin is a problem for some: "Genetic detoxification ensures that no active form of pertussis toxin is present, whereas chemically detoxified pertussis toxins can become toxic again".(26)
In the comprehensive scientific evidence evaluation report, Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality, published in 2012 by the US Institute of Medicine, a panel of physicians evaluated 26 adverse events reported following the DTaP/Tdap vaccine.(27)
Most pediatric neurologists recognize that vaccination, including the use of vaccines for smallpox, rabies, influenza, mumps, measles, tetanus, polio, and whooping cough, can and does occasionally cause neurological complications that can lead to permanent brain dysfunction.(28)
The pertussis vaccine, death and SIDS
In 1933, Danish vaccine scientist Madsen described the death of two infants within hours of being vaccinated.(29) and it was the first reaction to be associated with the pertussis vaccine.
It is not possible to know the number of deaths related to the pertussis vaccine that occur every year in Italy, since almost all of the deaths of newborns, even after vaccination, are automatically related to a generic sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). . SIDS usually involves the sudden and unexplained death of a newborn, with no symptoms of medical problems before the baby is found lifeless. Babies who die after experiencing symptoms of a pertussis vaccine reaction (such as high-pitched screaming, collapse, extreme lethargy, seizures) do not meet the general criteria for SIDS, but are rarely reported as vaccine-related deaths.(30-31-32)
References (click to open)
- Finger H, von Koenig CHW. Chapter 31 Bordetella. Medical Microbiology.
- Geier DA, Geier MR. Clinical implications of endotoxin concentrations in vaccines. Ann Pharmacother. May 2002; 36(5):776-80.
- Brito LA, Singh M. Acceptable Levels of Endotoxin in Vaccine Formulations During Preclinical Research. J. Pharm. Ski 2011; 100(1): 34-37.
- Bannatyne RM, Cheung R. Reducing the endotoxic activity of pertussis vaccine. J Hyg (London) Dec 1981; 87(3): 377–381.
- Institute of Medicine. Adverse Effects of Pertussis and Rubella Vaccines. The National Academies Press..
- Institute of Medicine. Adverse Effects of Pertussis and Rubella Vaccines. The National Academies Press..
- Institute of Medicine. Adverse Effects of Pertussis and Rubella Vaccines. The National Academies Press..
- Institute of Medicine. Adverse Effects of Pertussis and Rubella Vaccines. The National Academies Press..
- Institutes of Medicine. DPT Vaccine and Chronic Nervous Dysfunction: A New Analysis. The National Academy Press.
- Institutes of Medicine. DPT Vaccine and Chronic Nervous Dysfunction: A New Analysis. The National Academy Press.
- Neuroimmunology Clinic, KK Women's and Children's Hospital. Encephalitis in Children: Symptoms, Complications and Treatment. Health Exchange 2016.
- DuVernoy TS, Braun MM, the VAERS Study Group. Hypotonic-Hyporesponsive Episodes Reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 1996-1998. Pediatrics 2000.
- Wheless JW, Sirven JI. . Seizures in Newborns. Epilepsy Foundation Aug. 27, 2013.
- Duffy J, Weintraub E. Febrile Seizure Risk After Vaccination in Children 6 to 23 Months. Pediatrics 2016.
- Menkes JH, Kinsbourne M. Workshop on Neurologic Complications of Pertussis and Pertussis Vaccination. Neuropediatrics 1990; 21(4): 171-176.
- Health Resources & Services Administration. Encephalopathy, Encephalitis, Acute Dissemination Encephalomyelitis. Jan. 3, 2022.
- Pellegrino P, Carnovale C, Perrone V et al. Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Onset: Evaluation Based on Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System. PLOS One Oct. 18, 2013.
- Wolf SM, Forsythe A. Epilepsy and mental retardation following febrile seizures in childhood. Acta Pediatr Scand 1989; 78(2): 291-295.
- MacDonald BK, Johnson AL et al. Febrile convulsions in 220 children – neurological sequelae at 12 years follow-up. Eur Neurol 1999; 41(4): 179-186.
- LaRoche SM. Seizures and Encephalopathy. Semin Neurol 2011; 31(19): 194-201.
- Rao S, Elkon B, Fleet KB. . Long-Term Outcomes and Risk Factors Associated with Acute Encephalitis in Children. J Ped Infect Dis Soc 2015; 1(1): 20-27.
- Burton KLO, Williams TA, Catchpoole SE. Long-Term Neuropsychological Outcomes of Childhood Onset Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM): A Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychology Rev 2017; 27(2): 124-133.
- Cody CL, Baraff LJ, Cherry JD et al. Nature and Rates of Adverse Reactions Associated with DTP and DT Immunizations in Infants and Children. Pediatrics 1981.
- Miller DL, Ross EM, Alderslade R. Pertussis immunization and serious acute neurological illness in children. British Medical Journal 1981; 282: 1595-9.
- Institute of Medicine Committee to Study New Research on Vaccines. DPT Vaccine and Chronic Nervous System Dysfunction: A New Analysis. The National Academies Press.
- CHIRON BIOCINE GENETICALLY ENGINEERED ACELLULAR PERTUSSIS VACCINE PROVES SUPERIOR TO CURRENTLY LICENSED VACCINE. The Free Library July 13, 1995
- Institute of Medicine. Committee to Review Adverse Effects of Vaccines. Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality. The National Academies Press..
- Bale JF Jr. Neurologic complications of immunization. J Child Neurol Jun 2004; 19(6):405-12.
- Madsen T. Vaccination against whooping cough. JAMA 101(3):187-88.
- Baraff LJ, Ablon WJ, Weiss RC. Possible temporal association between diphtheria-tetanus toxoid-pertussis-vaccination and sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis Feb 1983; 2(1):7-11.
- Gerathy KC. DPT Immunization and SIDS. Pediatrics 105: 169-170.
- Torch toilet. Neurology May 1, 1982.
This article is summarized and translated by National Vaccine Information Center.